Understanding a Brain Injury

concussions

The CDC estimates that 3.8 million people sustain a concussion annually while playing sports in the US. TBI symptoms vary and can be mild or severe, affecting memory, behavior, and mood. It is important to note that X-rays, MRIs, and CTs scans cannot diagnose a concussion. It will be essential to note the Signs and Symptoms for evaluation.

Signs:

  • Loss of consciousness

  • Difficulty maintaining balance

  • A vacant or distant expression in the eyes

  • Memory loss (amnesia)

  • Slower response to questions or commands

  • Difficulty retaining and recalling instructions, assignments, or game details, including the score or opponent

  • Random outbursts of emotions

  • Episodes of vomiting

Symptoms that often accompany a brain injury are

  1. Persistent head pain

  2. Feeling faint or dizzy

  3. Experiencing lightheadedness

  4. Feeling nauseous

  5. Heightened sensitivity to light

  6. Increased sensitivity to noise

  7. Struggling with concentration

  8. Experiencing difficulties with memory

  9. Finding it hard to maintain focus

  10. Facing challenges when multitasking

  11. Difficulty completing cognitive tasks

  12. Changes in sleep patterns, including increased or decreased sleep duration

  13. Sleep onset difficulties or trouble falling asleep

  14. Anxiety

  15. Depression

  16. Panic attacks

Note: This list isn't exhaustive; concussion symptoms may not show up immediately after the initial injury, sometimes taking a few days. 

Sub-concussions

Sub-concussive impacts, which are blows to the head that do not result in symptoms, have been found to have potentially harmful effects on the brain over time. Repeated sub-concussive impacts have been linked to decreased brain recovery resilience.

To reduce the risk of sub-concussive impacts, it is essential to wear appropriate protective gear, follow safety protocols, and limit exposure to activities that may result in these impacts. By being aware of the potential risks of the sub-concussive effects, individuals can make informed decisions about their activities and take steps to protect their brain health.

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy) is a progressive degenerative brain disease caused by repeated blows or trauma to the head. It is commonly associated with contact sports like football, boxing, hockey, and military combat. CTE is characterized by the accumulation of a protein called tau in the brain, leading to brain cell death over time.

The symptoms of CTE can include memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, aggression, depression, and dementia. However, it is essential to note that CTE can only be definitively diagnosed after death through a post-mortem examination of the brain. Nonetheless, advanced brain imaging techniques, such as SPECT scans, can provide indicators suggesting CTE in living individuals. Although there is no cure for CTE, lifestyle changes and treatments can significantly impact its lasting effects and lower the risk of developing it. For further information on CTE, we suggest The Concussion Legacy Foundation.

Pathogenic Complications

Prolonged post-concussion syndrome (PCS) can occur when the symptoms of a concussion persist for an extended time, often months or even years after the initial injury. Recent research suggests that specific pathogens may contribute to the development of prolonged PCS. Please see our pathogenic infection page for more information.